Microsoft Windows Server OEM Win server 2012 R2 / Server 2008 Standard 25 CAL

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Windows Server 2012

Windows Server 2012, codenamed "Windows Server 8",^[4] is the sixth release of Windows Server. It is the server version of Windows 8 and succeeds Windows Server 2008 R2. Two pre-release versions, a developer preview and a beta version, were released during development. The software was generally available to customers starting on September 4, 2012.^[5]

Unlike its predecessor, Windows Server 2012 has no support for Itanium-based computers,^[6] and has four editions. Various features were added or improved over Windows Server 2008 R2 (with many placing an emphasis on cloud computing), such as an updated version of Hyper-V, an IP address management role, a new version of Windows Task Manager, and ReFS, a new file system. Windows Server 2012 received generally good reviews in spite of having included the same controversial Metro-based user interface seen in Windows 8.

The successor to Windows Server 2012, called Windows Server 2012 R2, was released along with Windows 8.1 in October 2013. A service pack, formally designated Windows Server 2012 R2 Update, was released in April 2014.^[7][8]

History

Windows Server 2012, codenamed "Windows Server 8",^[4] is the sixth release of Windows Server family of operating systems developed concurrently with Windows 8.^[9][10] It was not until April 17, 2012 that the company announced that the final product name would be "Windows Server 2012".^[4]

Microsoft introduced Windows Server 2012 and its developer preview in the BUILD 2011 conference on September 9, 2011.^[11] However, unlike Windows 8, the developer preview of Windows Server 2012 was only made available to MSDN subscribers.^[12] It included a graphical user interface (GUI) based on Metro design language and a new Server Manager, a graphical application used for server management.^[13] On February 16, 2012, Microsoft released an update for developer preview build that extended its expiry date from April 8, 2012 to January 15, 2013.^[14]

Before Windows Server 2012 was finalized, two test builds were made public. A public beta version of Windows Server 2012 was released along with the Windows 8 Consumer Preview on February 29, 2012.^[9] The release candidate of Windows Server 2012 was released on May 31, 2012, along with the Windows 8 Release Preview.^[10]

The product was released to manufacturing on August 1, 2012 and became generally available on September 4, 2012.^[5] However, not all editions of Windows Server 2012 were released at the same time. Windows Server 2012 Essentials was released to manufacturing on October 9, 2012^[15] and was made generally available on November 1, 2012.^[16] As of September 23, 2012, all students subscribed to DreamSpark program can download Windows Server 2012 Standard or Datacenter free of charge.^[17]

Features

Installation options

Unlike its predecessor, Windows Server 2012 can switch between "Server Core" and "Server with a GUI" installation options without a full reinstallation. Server Core - an option with a command-line interface only - is now the recommended configuration. There is also a third installation option that allows some GUI elements such as MMC and Server Manager to run, but without the normal desktop, shell or default programs like File Explorer.^[13]

User interface

Server Manager has been redesigned with an emphasis on easing management of multiple servers.^[18] The operating system, like Windows 8, uses the Metro-based user interface unless installed in Server Core mode.^[19] Windows Store is available in this version of Windows but is not installed by default.^[20] Windows PowerShell in this version has over 2300 commandlets, compared to around 200 in Windows Server 2008 R2.^[21]

Task Manager

Windows Server 2012 includes a new version of Windows Task Manager together with the old version.^[22] In the new version the tabs are hidden by default showing applications only. In the new Processes tab, the processes are displayed in varying shades of yellow, with darker shades representing heavier resource use.^[23] It lists application names and status, as well as CPU, memory, hard disk and network utilization. The process information found in the older versions are now moved to the new Details tab. The Performance tab shows "CPU", "Memory", "Disk", "Wi-Fi" and "Ethernet" graphs. The CPU tab no longer displays individual graphs for every logical processor on the system by default; instead, it can display data for each non-uniform memory access (NUMA) node. When displaying data for each logical processor for machines with more than 64 logical processors, the CPU tab now displays simple utilization percentages on heat-mapping tiles.^[24] The color used for these heat maps is blue, with darker shades again indicating heavier utilization. Hovering the cursor over any logical processor's data now shows the NUMA node of that processor and its ID, if applicable. Additionally, a new Startup tab has been added that lists startup applications,^[25] however this tab does not exist in Windows Server 2012.^[26] The new task manager recognizes when a Windows Store app has the "Suspended&q